Demographics And Epidemiological Transition Health And Social Care Essay

Socioeconomics And Epidemiological Transition Health And Social Care Essay Bangladesh is encountering the third stage in segment change that has created a major number of young populace and expanding populace of more seasoned populace (Razzaque et al., 2010). At present, the number of inhabitants in Bangladesh is 152518015 million, where level of the 60+ old populaces is more than 6.7 (BBS, 2010). The middle age is 23.3. The future during childbirth is 70 years for the all out populace (Index Mundi, 2012). Epidemiologic change for the most part alludes to the move from intense, irresistible and inadequacy illnesses to ceaseless, non-transmittable ailments (NCDs). This is generally reflected in the mortality and dreariness design. An examination done at Matlab, a country territory of Bangladesh by Karar et al. (2006) found that in 20 years (1986-2006), there has been a huge adjustment in mortality profile from intense irresistible and parasitic maladies to NCDs, degenerative and constant ailments. During this period there was extraordinary decrease in mortality because of looseness of the bowels and diarrhea and respiratory contaminations (aside from tuberculosis) and increment in mortality due to NCDs, for example, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses and threatening neoplasms. It has been anticipated further that the mortality due to NCDs will increment enormously in the following two decades while number of passings because of transferable ailments will diminish. The decrease in the youngster and baby mortality was clarified by progress in maternal training, essential social insurance administrations, water and sanitation practice, utilization of oral rehydration arrangement and high vaccination inclusion. The ascent in mortality due to NCDs was clarified by conceivable change in diet and way of life (Karar et al., 2006) Because of segment and epidemiologic advances, old populace has quickly expanded thus has their dismalness (Biswas et al.,2006). As Bangladesh is experiencing both epidemiologic and segment advances, there are being decreases in richness and death rates that have brought about expanded future among the populace. This implies there are increment in more established individuals in the populace and increment in noticeable quality of ceaseless conditions among these old. Interminable sicknesses as a rule collect with maturing and are introduced as numerous morbidities. Multimorbidity in a similar individual alludes to co-occuring of different hurtful ailments. Khanam et al( 2011) discovered higher predominance of multimorbidity among older (>60years old) in a provincial spot in Bangladesh called Matlab. It was around 53.8% among the investigation populace. Joint pain and hypertension happened the most regularly. Multi-dreariness was higher in ladies than men and in non-least fortunate (Not most unfortunate. Financial status was isolated into two sections: least fortunate and non-most unfortunate). A similar report found that multimorbdity can likewise be influenced by living and workplace, way of life design, financial status, social hazard components and sex. From the commonness rate, one can appraise the genuine weight in the general rustic populace. It shows each older in the populace is experiencing in any event one ceaseless condition. This implies the wellbeing segment of Bangladesh ought to be set up to manage the expanding NCD cases. Through improved demonstrative offices and better referral framework, NCD patients can benefit from outside intervention. Wellbeing strategy ought to be refreshed as needs be to designate greater spending plan to encourage wellbeing administrations for the older (Karar et al, 2009). Formal and casual consideration Study by Biswas et al. (2006) concentrated on techniques older individuals use to adapt if there should be an occurrence of diseases. As view of sick wellbeing and seriousness of disease shifted starting with one old then onto the next, this examination uncovered that older individuals abstained from visiting a certified specialist until seriousness of ailment decayed due to the related expense. Indeed, even in circumstances when these certified specialists are counseled, there are uncommon follow up visits, again because of the budgetary boundary. Accordingly, old individuals regularly incline toward going to customary healers (eg. Kobiraj). Gigantic trust is set on this kind of healers medicines. Regularly when these medicines bear no outcome, trust isn't lost and the absence of result is frequently ascribed to sick destiny (Biswas et al., 2006). Then again, if the malady is thought to be of low seriousness, self-care is polished, that is home cures are embraced and sedates are purchased over the counter at the drugstore by a relative. Anyway dynamic procedure becomes possibly the most important factor if seriousness of the sickness increments and is impacted by different factors, for example, choice about where to take the patient, who to go with the patient and how to oversee cash. Out of every one of these elements, the money related issue snatches the greater need. Generally a specialist organization that can guarantee adaptability in the treatment cost and installment alternatives is picked. Installment is finished with the assistance of reserve funds, advance from grown-up kids, companions or family members or some of the time NGO and selling of domesticated animals and poultry (Biswas et al,2006).. In Bangladesh, old individuals rely to a great extent upon care gave by the relatives. Its a typical practice for relatives to take care of older people. Some of the time in any event, when theres a will, relatives can't take appropriate consideration of the seniors because of money related requirements. Moreover, grown-up offspring of that family regularly move elsewhere to look for some kind of employment, deserting the older. In urban zones, this situation is more regrettable. Alongside the men of the family working, theres womens support in labor power because of which the older are additionally dismissed. (Jesmin Ingman, 2011). There is defamation of Older ladies who visit male specialists (who arent direct relatives) because of which ladies remain back home in any event, when they are sick and endure significantly more. From the administrations side there is small measure of Old Age recompense and annuity for the old. This sum scarcely conceals treatment costs. There are institutional considerations given by the NGOs in various pieces of Bangladesh. Be that as it may, this are being not able to fulfill the expanding needs of expanding number of the matured individuals (Hossain et al, 2006). We can see that modernization and urbanization brings about movement of youthful grown-ups and consideration of ladies work power. Older individuals are disregarded. There is unforeseen weakness care administration for them. Monetarily they become frail. They start to lose their practical capacity with age and become reliant on others. In any case, maturing is a characteristic procedure for which they are not capable. In this manner its our obligation to furnish them with most extreme consideration, regard and security. Maturing populace and utilitarian capacity: At the point when we talk about utilitarian capacity of old populace, we mean if the old individual is practically ready to perform every day assignments. We make inferences dependent on physical and subjective inadequacy. Be that as it may, we frequently disregard the setting to which the individual has a place. Its natural and socio-social elements. Urban and provincial zones change exceptionally as far as these components. There are additionally sex contrasts with regards to specific errands performed by people are limited by accepted practices and for the most part dont cover. Local work ordinarily has a place with womens space and open tasks have a place with men (Kabir et al., 2001). On the off chance that we picture a country setting, we can see how condition assumes a job as a hindrance to useful capacity. Toilets are typically positioned outside the home, a good ways off and water source is a long way from latrine. An old individual needs to go a close by lake or have somebo dy convey the water to them (Ferdous et al., 2009b). More established ladies who visit male specialists (who arent direct relatives) are defamed (Biswas et al.,2006). Along these lines theres a propensity of ladies remaining at home and not looking for help. Therefore, with time, they become all the more sick and practically incapacitate to perform every day exercises. Studies have demonstrated older ladies to have higher commonness of sickness then old men (Kalam et al., 2006). Studies done on dietary status of older individuals have discovered sustenance to assume an indispensable job in performing day by day exercises. Seniors with poor wholesome status have a greater number of confinements in their physical capacity than older folks who are very much supported. Great wholesome status has been related with better psychological capacity also. (Ferdous et al., 2009a). As the older populace is expanding in number, its our duty to perceive how they can accomplish solid maturing. Ther e can be numerous recommendations like having high nutritious eating regimen, improved framework like structure inclines in clinics, treatment at beginning period and so forth however whether these can or will be executed is exceptionally questionable. Bangladesh is destitution blasted nation and inspite of National Elderly Policy being available, its objectives of securing older are latent (Unnayan Onneshan, 2011). Destitution is outside our ability to control yet arrangement is something we can deal with. Strategies joining older issues ought to be executed and our methodologies towards the maturing populace ought to be so that this populace is profited, made sure about and satisfies need of essential needs. The Prevention of Diabetes, Bangladesh Program from life course point of view In the creating nations, there is a developing concern and consciousness of the expanding occurrence of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) (Darton-Hill et al., 2004). Over 40% surprisingly with diabetes in least created nations live in Bangladesh (Novonordisk, 2012). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is profoundly preventable and its event can be postponed. The fundamental focal point of anticipation of this illness is generally on adjustment of way of life examples of grown-ups. Conduct, for example, unfortunate eating regimens and absence of physical movement especially gets high consideration. However, there is tremendous proof now that bolsters the way that a ton of the dangers related to T2DM emerge during fetal phases of life. At this stage, these elements are portrayed by maternals nourishing status, nearness or nonattendance

In Cold Blood Essay Example for Free

Without a second thought Essay Barely any creators have the aptitude to communicate their perspective on a setting without clearly telling the crowd. In this little section from In Cold Blood, Truman Capote persuasively does only that, depicting the look and feel of Holcomb, Kansas through words. With Capote’s utilization of numerous components like allegorical language, symbolism, and confine, he uncovers his unique yet secretive perspectives on the view of Holcomb. All while depicting this substance town, Capote develops for an extraordinary change to end the portion. Beginning solid from the principal line of the extract, Capote places in uninteresting insights concerning Holcomb, and saying that different Kansans call Holcomb â€Å"out there†. This focuses on how segregated and distant from energizing city life this humble community truly is. In addition to the fact that Capote brings in the subtleties of inside the town, he depicts the area of Holcomb, to give the perusers a bigger picture. Capote brings up that the town is surrounded all side with fields of wheat, a stream, and prairies. The internal town is appeared as remote, exhausting, and with a feeling of smoothness. Pictures, for example, â€Å"unnamed, unshaded, unpaved† and â€Å"peeling sulfur-shaded paint† show how Capote sees Holcomb. He depicts a remote and exhausting spot to be. Plainly Capote consider the to be as normal and ailing in enthusiasm and energy. Close by the subtleties of the scene, Capote utilizes a lot of symbolism to depict the town’s little polluting influences and peculiarities, just as they way of life and characters of the individuals that live there. Focusing on a lot of Holcomb’s looks, he depicts â€Å"peeling sulfur-hued paint† and feeble mansion†, just as â€Å"flaking gold on a messy window†. This solid symbolism depicts the town’s falling apart exuberance. The creator at that point shows the occupants of the town with â€Å"The neighborhood highlight is spiked with a prairie twang† and a â€Å"ranch-hand nasalness†. Capote shows his musings of the insipid town through visual symbolism. Through all Capote’s symbolism and depiction, he depicts his actual feelingsâ of how normal and dull the town of Holcomb, Kansas is. Be that as it may, this straightforwardness is simply used to firmly differentiate the consummation section, which finishes in a strange turnaround of having Holcomb gotten seen for a specific noteworthy occasion.

E-commerce is in fashion - Free Essay Example

Background E-commerce is in fashion so many companies of all sizes and types are reviewing their sales strategies.   Consideration is being given to either (or both) selling to other businesses electronically (B2B) or selling directly to individual customers over the Internet (B2C).   Many companies are failing to live up to expectations, with problems such as poor website design making ordering difficult, website failure (crashes) from overload or because they were incomplete, failure to confirm the order, subsequent out-of-stock, failure to deliver on time. The Project Brief You, as the project manager, are to plan a project for a Triangle software house to develop an online Hotel Management system for an international hotel chain.   The project is scheduled to start on6thof July 2010. The project should have the following options Guests: Room Reservations for guests Services: Adding other services use, restaurant use, bar use by guests Maintenance: To maintain records in the system Inquires: To know about availability of rooms, reservations, gust lists Four computers have to be supplied for the selected project and these computers needs to be networked. Required time schedule for the project is three months. From the Project Managers point of view, an e-commerce project is no different from any other project.   You need a framework to plan resources and budget; you must set the plan against an appropriate calendar; and you need to ensure that you include the managerial and quality-related tasks that will help the project manager succeed. You need to plan how the project should be initiated.   However, your initiation plan should be presented in sufficient detail for someone else to manage it.   You are not expected to have all the answers at this stage; part of the skill of project planning is to ensure that you put the tasks in place to find out what is unknown and to manage the obvious risks. Task 1 (a) As the Project Manager, you are expected to decide on the following: 1. The tasks required to carry out the project aim for at least 10-15 tasks.   Traditional File System (SDLC-System Development Life Cycle) Strategic Study Business study Feasibility study Requirement analysis Requirement Specification Logical system specification Logical Design Physical Design Coding Testing Implementation Maintenance Paste out Relate Traditional File System steps to Hotel management system Case Study. We use Traditional File System for Hotel management systemto develop their system. Strategic study: Project Manager goes to the Hotel study the current system; after he understood what the system that they need to develop is what they technology must use to develop the hotel. Business study:- Project Manager prepare a document project initiation document this will give the general   definition for the developing system   that document shown to the hotel managing director we get the approval to proceed the development the new system. Feasibility study: These step uses to traditional file system how to feasible for hotel computerizes Economical, Technical Operational, even the developing system is most modern if end users are working within difficulty that system isnt operational but this system is not difficulty use. Cost effective ways and ensuring that the investment can be recovered and realize the benefits with allocated budget. The technology needed is available and can be integrated with the other systems of the organization. Deciding how the new system going to fit the current operational system and whether its operationally acceptable. Checking whether the new project is violating law both local and international Requirement analysis: Firstly we interview Hotel managing Director asked question about the current system what they want to include their system to computerize ..,.   Investigating forms and documents which are very useful to determine system data flows and transactions Identifying the outputs by investigating below reports, Hourly report Daily report Monthly report Yearly report Then Checking latest updated procedure manuals and user manuals To study user activities and to concentrate on how it is being handle. Interviewing and supervisor level users to gather opinions about the efficiency about the system, determine the needs of the users that to be in the new system, more specific details about the system. Producing and arranging online Questionnaires for all operational users who are going to use the system. By this can gather information from all the people who are going to have direct contact with the system. Planning formal observation sessions at 3 main hotels, specially the reception area And closely observing the activities performed by the users. And observing customer inquiries reservation process etc Studying a subset documents or subset of the activity in the area in order to get an impression of the whole activity or document set .it is useful to verify findings from interviews or the above discussed techniques. Requirement Specification: How the new computer system should be working this is a kind of the document which clearly specifies the requirement of the users. Use :- Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)    Data Flow Diagram (DFD). Logical system specification:- This hotel computerize system   include several logical specification there are may be several technical option that could be adapted which are capable of delivering the requirement in this stage system analysis first design define what those technical options and then the help of manager select the most suitable option. Logical Design: This step we design a dialog design initial interface are design Update process that change on the line system data and Enquiry process concern the interaction of useful information from system data.(we should involve the hotel manager very strongly specially dialog design influence how to system looks and behave to its users) Physical Design: This step we design program design database design (ERD map into database components), this stage provides all the information required by the programmer. Coding: We use language is Visual Basic for coding.(First programmer code will be written in short pieces that outlines simple as well-defined program function.) Testing:- we tested correctness testing, performance testing ,reliability and recovery testing then security testing stress testing usability testing, unit and integration testing external function testing ,system testing, regression testing, acceptance testing, installation testing, completion testing, test documentation.(   discover and rectify errors below steps are planned to be done) Implementation:- This stage involve preparation of the target side and making the environment the network here the hotel new system to target environment will done and prepare in the user manual and training the hotel worker for the New system.| System will be installed shared in 4 computers which will be networked [LAN] (Configuration with I7 processors, 4 GB Ram..) With all required software. 2. Decide on appropriate task dependencies and state durations of them. Task Duration (1= 1 day)Reference Strategic study 1 A Business study 1   B Feasibility study 1 C Technical Feasibility2 Operational Feasibility1 Legal FeasibilityParallel with Op Feasibility(1) Economical Feasibility3 Requirement analysis D (Forms and documents)1 (Reports)1 (Procedureuser manuals)1 Interview-(Management level)3 Interview-(Supervisor level)3 (Questionnaires)1 (Observation)2 (Subset documentsactivity)1 Requirement specification 3 E Logical system specification 2F Logical design 10 G Physical design 20H Coding 5 I Testing J (Unit) 5 (Integrated) 1 (System)1 (User)2 DebuggingParallel with testing(8)K Implementation L (Installation)2 (User Training)2 (Parallel Running)7 MaintenanceContinues until phase out.M Total Duration81 -The explained tasks in task 1 are shortened and listed down above, under task name. -The Duration 1 is equals to 1 day. -Maintenance starts after implementing the project until phase out. -Total days for the project is 87-(81- planned days, and balances 6 days are to manage risks during the project period. Activity Reference Dependency Duration Strategic study A 1 Business study B A 1 Feasibility study C B 6 Requirement analysis D C 13 Requirement specification E D 3 Logical system specification F E 2 Logical design G F 10 Physical design H G 20 Coding I H 5 Testing J I 9 Debugging K I 8 Implementation L J,K 11 (Table1.1) 3. Create an Activity Net work Diagram with respect to your identified tasks,AND must be given using a standard Tool such as MS Project or MS Visio Critical path- A   B C D E F G H I J   L MS Project Output (b)There are many elements in a typical project plan. One such element is the   Introduction which briefly describes the objectives of the project and the constraints, which affect project management. Prepare such introduction for this project using reasonable assumptions. List and explain with a sentence each other contents of a typical project plan. I am Nadeeshani and Im appointed as a project manager to develop this online hotel Management system for an international hotel chain by the triangle software house. The project is based on upgrading the existing system as an online system along with these main functions, Room reservations for guests The options to add other services like restaurant use, bar use, gym use, etc The system which has the ability to obtain inquires from the guests and the ability to give them an answer/feedback, for example for the customer queries like availability of rooms, reservations and guest list, etc. And to get all the above updates and inquiries from the parties and to maintain the records in the system We hope to start the project on 6Th of July 2010 and we were going to be finished in September 30th 2010 (3 month) period. On that project running period we are considering Saturdays Sundays as working days. We hope to finished this project 26Th of September 2010. The project has run 87 days but we are planning to be completed within 82 days rest 5 days we are planning to do collecting unanticipated problems complete the project report however we will make sure to complete this project in this 87 days period. This is the project plan how we are going to do the project. I hope the committee members will do their best to complete the project. The quality of the system will be maintained throughout the project by regular progress checking and progress monitoring. The project has been run through the 13 stages. Strategic study Business study Feasibility study Requirement analysis Requirement specification Logical system specification Logical design Physical design Coding, Testing Debugging Implementation Maintenance These stages are planned in a greater level of detail. (These plans are used to track progress on a week by week basis through regular progress monitoring.) These stages are also separated into sub tasks basically contains the lowest details. It will specify activities down to a daily level. This will be created in parallel with the above mentioned stage plans. And the monitoring and tracking will be on daily basis. As a project manager I hope we will be finished the project with less errors I believe you all are will be do your best. Clearly indicated whose responsible for what in the project, clearly shown what the project is to deliver, why and for whom and by making the project that can easily understand by everyone, mainly on time and within budget My motivation is to completely utilize my accumulated experience and knowledge to the fullest extent possible and making this projects a success. Task 2 (a) Explain what are your typical responsibilities as a Software Project   Manager in managing any type of software project and your typical tasks A software project manager has the overall responsibility for the successful initiation, planning, execution and closure of a project. A successful Project Manager must simultaneously manage the four basic elements of a project: resources, time, money, and most importantly, scope. All these elements are interrelated. Each must be managed effectively. All must be managed together if the project, and the project manager, is to be a success. Resources People, equipment, material Time Task durations, dependencies, critical path Money Costs, contingencies, profit Scope Project size, goals, requirements This title is used in the construction industry, architecture, information technology and many different occupations that are based on production of a product or service. The project manager must possess a combination of skills including an ability to ask penetrating questions, detect unstated assumptions and resolve interpersonal conflicts as well as more systematic management skills. The role of the project manager encompasses many activities including :-Planning and Defining Scope, Activity Planning and Sequencing, Resource Planning, Developing Schedules, Time Estimating, Cost Estimating, Developing a Budget, Controlling Quality, Managing Risks and Issues, Creating Charts and Schedules, Risk Analysis, Benefits Realization, Scalability, Interoperability and Portability Analysis,Documentation,Team Leadership, Strategic Influencing, Customer Liaison. As a software project manager my typical tasks in managing a software project will be below. Manage the production of the required product. Direct and motivate the project team. Plan and monitor the project. Manage business and project risks. Responsible for change control. Report the true progress report and stage assessment to the steering committee. Prepare the end project report. Responsible for project administration. Responsibility Matrix In a large project, there may be many people who have some role in the creation and approval of project deliverables. Sometimes this is pretty straightforward, such as one person writing a document and one person approving it. In other cases, there may be many people who have a hand in the creation, and others that need to have varying levels of approval. The Responsibility Matrix is a technique used to define the general responsibilities for each role on a project. The matrix can then be used to communicate the roles to the appropriate people associated with the team. This helps set expectations, and ensures people know what is expected from them. On the matrix, the different people, or roles, appear as columns, with the specific deliverables in question listed as rows. Then, use the intersecting points to describe each persons responsibility for each deliverable. Ex: Project Sponsor Project Manager Project Team Client Managers Analysts Requirements Management Plan A C R A R Requirements Report I, A R R I, A C Process Model R R R I, A C Data Model R R R I, A C Requirements Traceability Matrix R R R R C (Table 2.1) A Approves the deliverable R Reviews the deliverable (and provides feedback). C Creates the deliverable (could be C (1) for primary, C (2) for backup). Usually there is only one person who is responsible for creating a deliverable, although many people may provide input. I Provides input N Is notified when a deliverable is complete M Manages the deliverables (such as a librarian, or person responsible for the document repository) In the table above, the Requirements Management Plan is created by the project manager, approved by the sponsor and client managers, and reviewed by the project team and analysts. The purpose of the matrix is to gain clarity and agreement on who does what, so you can define the columns with as much detail as makes sense. For instance, in the above example, the Project Team could have been broken into specific people or the person responsible for creating the Data Model could have been broken out into a separate column. After the matrix is completed, it should be circulated for approval. If it is done in the Project Charter process, it can be an addendum to the Project Charter. If it is created as a part of the initial Analysis Phase, it should be circulated as a separate document. Examples of responsibility codes are as follows. Our project may define different codes, as long as you explain what they mean so that people know what the expectations are for them. References https://www.lifecyclestep.com/open/407.0LifecycleRoles.htm (b) Briefly explain how you are going to manage the risk in the above project. Risk management is the process of analyzing exposure to risk and determining how to best handle such exposure. The project is planned to be a continuous process throughout the project until completion and considered in two main parts, the risk analysis part and the risk management part. I have planned to run risk management as below, At the start of the project, as a part of the decision of whether to undertake the project And at every end stage assessments Risk management includes the following activities Planning how risk management will be held in the particular project. Plan should include risk management tasks, responsibilities, activities and budget. Assigning risk officer a team member other than a project manager who is responsible for foreseeing potential project problems. Typical characteristic of risk officer is a healthy skepticism. Maintaining live project risk database. Each risk should have the following attributes: opening date, title, short description, probability and importance. Optionally risk can have assigned person responsible for its resolution and date till then risk still can be resolved. Creating anonymous risk reporting channel. Each team member should have possibility to report risk that he foresees in the project. Preparing mitigation plans for risks that are chosen to be mitigated. The purpose of the mitigation plan is to describe how this particular risk will be handled what, when, by who and how will be done to avoid it or minimize consequences if it becomes a liability. Summarizing planned and faced risks, effectiveness of mitigation activities and effort spend for the risk management. As an analyzing tool to assist in the risk management process, Decision tree is used to analyze the risks, Because the explanation for the result is easily described by simple graph in a simply understandable way which can be combined with other decision techniques as well. Important details can be generated based on its alternatives, probabilities, costs and their preferences for outcomes. First after analyzing the possible risks by identifying, Estimating the effectiveness by comparing the likelihood with the impact of a risk and finally evaluating by confirming that they are in correct sequence and the cross checking with the risk reduction options assessing the acceptable level of each other. We select the most suitable risk management approach for each risk and a detailed plan of action which confirms its goals will be prepared by discussing with members. The risk management consist four main activities and below tasks will be completed at the end of each part. Planning-: Most appropriate selection will be selected for each risk and a detailed plan of action which confirms its desirability and objectives will be developed. Sometimes this activity may proceed in parallel with risk evaluation.  §Resourcing-: This will identify and assign the necessary resources to do the work and will confirm that the revised plan is feasible and cost effective.  §Controlling-: This will make sure that the execution of the plan is having the desired effect on the risk. This will ensure the management of the risk process will apply effectively and it will modify the plan where it necessary.  §Monitoring-: This will check the stages of the risk and also check that the counted measures are happening effectively. During monitoring, if it feels that the risk management plan is ineffective, then we can go back to the risk analysis part. When managing the risks these below features will be considered mainly, Factors that need to continue correctly, threats, systemic risks for the successful delivery project and benefits, risks to the business, risks for the customers and suppliers, risks of unexpected outputs and success of the international hotel chain. This is how I have planned to manage the risk, which can happen during a process and which will effect with a negative result to the process in the project. Task 3 Configuration Management is an essential part of a project. In a large project Configuration librarian plays a major role. Configuration management (CM) is the detailed recording and updating of information that describes an enterprises hardware and software. Such information typically includes the versions and updates that have been applied to installed software packages and the locations and network addresses of hardware devices. Special configuration management software is available. When a system needs hardware or software upgrade, a computer technician can accesses the configuration management program and database to see what is currently installed. The technician can then make a more informed decision about the upgrade needed. An advantage of a configuration management application is that the entire collection of systems can be reviewed to make sure any changes made to one system do not adversely affect any of the other systems Configuration management is also used in software development, where it is called Unified Configuration Management (UCM). Using UCM, developers can keep track of the source code, documentation, problems, changes requested, and changes made. (a) Briefly out line some configuration items in the project given in the scenario. Manage the configuration: Hotel Management systemPlan what is required and how it will be achieved Guests: Room Reservations for guests Services: Adding other services use, restaurant use, bar use by guests Maintenance: To maintain records in the system Inquires: To know about availability of rooms, reservations, gust lists Four computers have to be supplied for the selected project and these computers needs to be networked. Required time schedule for the project is three months. (Use a Configuration Management Plan (Project Quality Plan) Identify components of the final product Use Defining and Analyzing Products (PL2) to create a Configuration Item Record Use unique identifiers for each product and each version: Project Product Type Product Name Product Version. Control changes to baseline products by using change authority Submit products to the Configuration Librarian to put under configuration control Release (issue) products and/or copiesS Product Status Account to record and report product information Report the status of products from the Configuration Librarian Verify product integrity Perform product configuration audits by the Configuration Librarian Perform project audits by Project Assurance. In the above hotel management system developing project at each stage end as an output as below final deliverables will be reported. 1st stage -Strategic study -information technology strategy will be produced. 2nd stage Business study -project initiation document. 3th stage Feasibility study- Feasibility report. 4th stage -Requirement analysis- the gathered exact requirements of the users to develop  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   the system will be produced as Requirement analysis report 5th stage -Requirement specifications-the requirements will be produced in a diagrammatic way and a wordy report. 6th stage Logical system specification -the mapped business and technical aspects of the system will be produced. 7th stage Logical design- interface design will be produced. 8th stage -Physical design -the database design and program design using miniature specifications like pseudo codes, flowcharts, structure diagrams, etc will be produced. 9th stage -Coding- the written program which is written with a programming language will be produced. 10th stage -Testing -testing report. 11th stage -Debugging-debugging report. 12th stage -Implementation- the released version of the system in the target environment. 13th stage -Maintenance-reports regarding the changes carried out throughout the system after the implementation. (b) Give a statement of the configuration librarians responsibilities. Configuration Librarian is the guardian of all the master copies of the projects products.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The role will be also to look after change control on behalf of the project manager. Purpose   : Custodian and guardian of all master copies of the projects products Receives, baselines and releases (issues) products Updates the product status and informs the Project Manager Maintains the Issue Log. The major tasks of the configuration librarian are summarized as follows:- To control the receipt, identification, storage and issues of all project products To provide information on the status of all products To number, record, store and distribute change control documents The specific responsibilities of the configuration librarian are as follows:- Assist the project manager to prepare the configuration management plan Create libraries at other storage areas to hold products Assist in the identification of products Create configuration item description records Hold the master copies of all project products Maintain the change control records Assist in conducting configuration audits Liaise with other configuration librarians where products required by the project are common to other systems (c) Briefly outline what are the things that we must consider in change control of Project Management. In this hotel management system development, will develop several documents that include all the importance issues regarding to   the development but sometime these document may need to be changed due to various reasons, when doing this changers it has to be done by stranded procedures its called ChangeControl . The change control document is the formal way into this projects any enquiry of a complaint or request, it can be raised by anyone associated with hotel project about anything such as:- A new function occurrence A frailer of a product In meeting some aspect of the user requirement Because of a possible misunderstand A problem with the planning A frailer of communication The change control mainly it has recharge control document such as:- Question document (when a question occurs about a change) It will be submitted to the configuration library and the configuration librarian will log about this and will allocate a unique identity. Then he will pass a copy to the originator and it will sound the change control document is open. Unresolved change control documents are revealed at regular meetings. The project manager will be leading these meetings the users other representatives will be joined to that. In these meetings, all documents will be evaluated focused to making recommendations for solutions. Actually, the considered things and effect will be the following:- If the problem has been raised due to a misunderstanding by the creator, then the creator must be explaining what the misunderstandings are? Then problem will be closed. If the problem is proposing a change to a configuration item, then it should be prepared the request for change. If the project doesnt meet its specification, then it should prepare an off specification. To prepare those documents extra evaluations are required. ÃÆ'ËÅ" Request for change document The things to be considered In the Request for change document stage Proposed changers as per the user requirements what are the user requests for change document must go through the analyst. Then analyst to be decided how much work is involved how many senior members appropriate skill are wants to do this work. The configuration librarian will help to identifying the any other procedures or configuration item will be affected. Request for change has to be awarded a prioritization. This can be one of the following High the system will not function without this change. Medium although the system can work without this change, it would be inconvenient without it. Low this does not affect the major functionality of the system. It is possible to work around the lack of this change without it being a major inconvenience. Cosmetic this only affects the appearance of an output or screen, not the data or functionality. It should be the job of the customer representative to provide the priority and canvas the other members of the steering committee. If the steering committee is taking the decision of the change, that decision may be to-Implement the change, Defer a decision until a later meeting, Ask for more information, cancel the request. These decisions should be documented on the change of control document. Whenever it states a change, a copy should be sent to the originator. ÃÆ'ËÅ" off specification document stage An off specification is used to document any situation where the system fails to meet its specification in some respect. The configuration librarian allocates the next unique change control identifier and will send a copy of the document to its author. Senior team members with the help of the configuration librarian will carry out an impact analysis to discover which products are affected by the off specification. The decisions are taken by the project manager or the steering committee. When the steering committee is taking decisions, they may be to-Correct the fault, Delay the correction to an enhancement project after the current one is finished, Defer the decision for a later meeting, Ask for more information. Task 4 The team members who work most effectively, it seems, never say I, and thats not because they have trained themselves not to say I.   They dont think I, they think we; they think team. Considering the above statement, appraise the role of the project manager when composing, developing and managing the team. Composing, developing and managing a team is not an easy task. It needs lots of talent, hard work and responsibility. A project manager does this. The project managers prime responsibilities are to deliver the project on time, on budget and to an agreed standard. This means managing the production of the required product. It also means planning and monitoring the project, managing business and project risks, and being responsible for change control. Also, they must report the true progress of the project and the stage assessment to the steering committee. They are also responsible for preparing the end project report and for project administration. To complete all these tasks and to make the project a success, people are involved in all aspects of the project, and the importance of people in getting the job done cannot be overlooked. The project manager is dependent on people. Thats why the most important thing is the team. A team is all about the people. Because of the greater difficulty of tasks and the division of labor, team work is more important nowadays then ever before. The project manager is the person responsible person for preparing the plan for team work and forming and educating the team members. The project manager is also responsible for teaching the team members what is needed and whatever they dont know. This will improve the team members confidence level. The project manager also needs to monitor the employees work as theyre going along. The project manger will maintain the quality of teamwork at a high level by maintaining effective communication, coordination, and balancing the contributions, mutual support, effort and cohesion. Also, the project manger will ensure that the specific tasks are performed as a team. They will plan out the assigned activities in more detail if needed, completing the assigned project within the budget, timeline and quality expectations. They will also update others with the latest issues, and scope changes. They also need to look out for any risk or quality concerns throughout the project. They must also proactively and punctually communicate the status and manage the expectations of the project. The benefits of teamwork will definitely have a positive effect on the project. The project team carries a huge responsibility on its shoulders: the success or the failure of the project. Its members are the ones who execute the project and who give reports to the project manager. They also make changes and corrections when needed. Each member of this team has their own task, which represents a part of the whole project. So its extremely important that everyone understands and respects what they must do, in order to ensure a good final result. The characteristics of a good team member should be the following: be a productive member of the team and be able to be a team player. They should also have the knowledge and skills necessary to complete their allocated part of the work task. After completion of their part, each team member should be willing to assist other team members with completion of all work tasks until the project is completed. In conclusion, these characteristics of a team member will make the team more productive and the project a success. This is how and why a team and teamwork is important for a project. Without a doubt, the project manager plays a critical role in the completion of any project. Self Criticism Report This project could have been a better one if I had started it earlier, but due to the lack of importance that I gave to this assignment some aspects which I was hoping to include in this documentation were lost.

Why Do People Conform - 1363 Words

The causes of conformity among individuals have long been debated and researched in recent decades. It is for this reason that conformity is an intriguing psychological concept. It causes sound-minded individuals to go against their best judgement, to engage in behaviour which they usually would not engage in, even accept and welcome an idea they internally disagree with, all in order to not be a deviant from the group. It is thus interesting to look at the factors which cause people to conform, to do what they see others doing, to rely on the judgements of the group, and to ignore their own senses and perceptions. It is the reasons for the individuals desire to conform that I will be discussing in this paper.†¦show more content†¦In Aschs experiments, a group of eight individuals (one subject and seven confederates) sat in a room and verbally stated which of the three unequal lines matched a given line. The subject was seated so that he made his verbal judgement last, or cl ose to it. The task was simple and straight-forward and the correct answers were obvious. When the confederates were each calling out correct answers the subject agreed. However, when the confederates unanimously agreed on a wrong answer the subject had either to disagree with a unanimous majority of seemingly normal, healthy, intelligent people, or to give an answer he knew was incorrect by the evidence of his own senses. Aschs study proved startling. In the trials about one third of the subjects conformed at least once. People were clearly choosing what they knew to be wrong answer so as to not deviate from the group. What do these studies show us about people, and their reasons for conforming? I believe that the individuals desire to be correct plays a key role in this type of conformity. People often rely on social cues around them, in a given situation, when making judgements. In a group situation, like that in the Sherif experiment, if an individual is unsure about something t hey will look at the judgements of others in order to determine the correct response. According to Blanton and Christie peopleShow MoreRelatedWhy Do People Conform and Obey1280 Words   |  6 PagesWhy do people conform and obey? Psychology Essay 4 Essay: Why do people conform and obey? In psychological terms, conformity refers to an individual`s urge to follow the rules or behaviours of a social group to which he belongs. Psychologists have put forward many theories to find out why people conform and obey and have completed studies to confirm their ideas. In this essay I will explain why people conform and obey. An important experiment demonstrating under which circumstances peopleRead MoreThe Major Forms Of Conformity1691 Words   |  7 PagesIn this study the goal is to explore some of the major forms of conformity, a social influence and explain how/ why people conform to perceived social roles in today’s modern society. INTRODUCTION A social influence is when a person or even potentially a group uses some type of social power over someone in the attempt to persuade a change of the attitudes or behavior of someone else in a certain way. For example, conformity is a major type of social influence involving a change in attitude, beliefRead MoreAnalysis Of Ralph Emerson s Self Reliance 748 Words   |  3 Pages Ralph Emerson states in â€Å"Self-reliance† that â€Å"envy is ignorance† and â€Å"imitation is suicide.† One cannot copy and try to be like another. For if you do, it will only lead to your demise. Envy and imitation of another individual are like following someone s shadow blindly. 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Social Identity Theory explains a person’s self-concept in terms of the person’s unique characteristics (personal identity) and membership in various social groups (social identity) (2009). People are more likely to conform depending on how much value they placeRead MoreA Call to Conformity: Alexander Robbins Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagesto not shun or bully others. This is a problem for the human brain because as author Alexander Robbins states: â€Å"From the age of five children increasingly exclude peers who don’t conform to group norms. Children learn this quickly. A popular Indiana eighth grader told me ‘I have to be the same as everybody else, or people won’t like me anymore’† (150). The human brain is wired such that children will end friendships with kids that they find different. Robbins finds this behavior to be undesirableRead MoreValues, Norms, And Norms860 Words   |  4 Pagesany society we develop a sense to conform and adjust to our surroundings but why? Our values in our society determines our norms and why we do the things we do. I recently sought out to break these social conformities that violated the values, and norms we hold as a society. Every society is different and, in every society there are different and similar values, norms, sanctions folkways, and mores. Breaking them up and analyzing them we began to understand why these term s and values are so important

Leadership Development - 42674 Words

R ESEARCH The Development of Management and Leadership Capability and its Contribution to Performance: The evidence, the prospects and the research need John Burgoyne, Wendy Hirsh and Sadie Williams Research Report RR560 Research Report No 560 The Development of Management and Leadership Capability and its Contribution to Performance: The evidence, the prospects and the research need John Burgoyne, Wendy Hirsh and Sadie Williams The views expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department for Education and Skills.  © Lancaster University 2004 ISBN 1 84478 286 7 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report has been written by John Burgoyne, Wendy Hirsh and Sadie Williams as members†¦show more content†¦.................49Show MoreRelatedLeadership, Leadership And Leadership Development915 Words   |  4 Pagestake a leadership role in any activity. They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams. 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The organisations tend to quote the following three as the main cause for concern: takes long to implement, it adds additional cost, and ineffective results. The program takes long to implement Perhaps the strongest argument against leadership development programs is the time it takes to properly implement one. An effective program is not something a companyRead MoreLeadership Strategies For Leadership Development1336 Words   |  6 Pagesneeded for leadership have also changed—more complex and adaptive thinking abilities are needed. The methods being used to develop leaders have not changed (much). The majority of managers are developed from on-the-job experiences, training, and coaching/ mentoring; while these are all still important, leaders are no longer developing fast enough or in the right ways to match the new environment† (Future Trends, 2014, p. 5). 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Educational Psychology and Mental Alertness free essay sample

DOTA (Defense Of The Ancients)†¦.. A very popular computer game for a teenager nowadays and truly gives some benefits like fast typing, mental alertness, improving strategies and team participation. But some teenagers were mostly acquiring this game`s disadvantages that keeps this teenagers away from education. So for me, I would rather take education than this bad influence. First,in terms of money, some teenager students spend more money from their allowance in playing DOTA instead of paying tuition and for buying such projects. Furthermore, many of them use it for placing bets on a team whether they will win or not, in other words â€Å"Gambling† and their other way of playing which money were involved. Next, as I observed in this game it could also give problems in our eyes because DOTA has very high qualities in color, brightness and other video parts, but even though we could adjust it doesn`t mean we can avoid such problems in terms of sight like this so-called â€Å"Far-sighted† or â€Å"Near-sighted† and results us with an eyeglass. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Psychology and Mental Alertness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And the last is that DOTA could sometimes cause addictedness and may result in failing grades, like my younger brother that spend to much money playing this game instead of studying hard and keep on saving his allowance. But as you know, my younger brother`s experiencing nowadays is what I just I had in my high school life, that`s why I almost fail some of my grades because of thinking about how to win always in that game and rather minding my failing grades. And after 2 years, I just realized that playing DOTA gives me nothing but being empty-handed at all times†¦.. so I promise myself that I should lessen this game playing to avoid such bad influences that this disadvatages throws at me.

Police Stressors free essay sample

Today there are training orgasm Intended to help management learn about the various stress, different methods of treatment and what signs to watch for. Management plays a vital role In helping the officers understand that nothing Is hopeless and that there Is always help available. Police Stresses: Causes, Effects and Treatments Everyone deals with a certain amount of stress from his or her career and personal lives. Police officers are no different and in fact, they have some of the highest stress levels.The causes of stress vary from officer to officer as well as the symptoms that the stress and anxiety cause. Many stress can be mild and go noticed and are therefore left untreated, while others are severe. Facing severe symptoms, the officers may not know how to go about getting help or they feel embarrassed and do not seek help. How the officers and management deal with this stress is important to the officers safety as well as those around him. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Stressors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is not one way to deal with these situations and the levels vary for each individual.Joseph Harold and Samuel Fomenter wrote an article in the Federal Bureau of Investigation Law Enforcement Bulletin that says: What Is stress? One researcher defined stress as a nonspecific response of the body o any demand placed on it. What does that really mean? It simply means that each person responds differently to internal and external demands of life, but that each person does experience stress. Denying Its existence does not alleviate the bodys response to daily stress (Harold and Fomenter February).The day-to-day stress of dealing with people and their problems, especially the deeply disturbing aspects of dealing with critical Incidents, can traumatized officers and poison their splats. Freeholder Nietzsche said, Whoever fights monsters should see to It that In the process he does not become a monster. And, when you look Into an abyss, the abyss also looks Into you. (Central Florida Police Stress Unit Mall Page 2008) This aptly applies to the law enforcement profession because officers look Into the abyss of evil and negative behavior every day (Harold and Fomenter February) different.The difference is that an officer has to cope with many stress combined. Some of these stress include marital discord, trouble with a fellow officer, postgraduates stress disorder, injuries, communication difficulties, bad attitudes and lose of faith in the criminal Justice system (Collins, 2003). The five most common resources of stress for individual officers are issues in the officers personal life, the pressures of law enforcement work, the attitude of the general public toward police work and officers, the operation of the criminal Justice system, and the law enforcement organization itself (Finn August).What are some of the main causes of stress police officers are faced with? To begin my research I asked this question too retired local police chief. The first thing he said was the internal structure. The second item to come up was communication. Mr.. Adam explained that rookies come into the force and they do not know what hey are getting into yet. They go to briefing meetings in which case is not always a pleasant experience. This sets their mood for their shift. If the briefing were unpleasant, they were yelled at or made to feel inadequate; they would carry that attitude out with them.This bad attitude was reflected in how they handled people they met through out their shift. This in return could cause problems if their behavior is reported. Also as being rookies, everything is new and exciting. They cannot wait to go home and tell their spouse about their day. After becoming a seasoned officer, this communication can start to fade away. As rookies mature into a seasoned police officer, it is hard to turn off the switch between officer and civilian. Nearly everyone they meet is in a negative situation; it is hard to not be that person off duty.This negativity takes a toll on the officer and he talks less and less to his wife about his day and soon quits talking all together. (Bill Adam interview) Symptoms of stress are not always obvious and can be hard to diagnose. Some minor symptoms can include loss of appetite, trouble sleeping, irritable, moodiness, ND memory lapses. Some of the more noticeable symptoms can include drinking, lack of communication, drug use, mood swings, depression, poor performance, change in attitude, loss of sensitivity and lack of enthusiasm at work.Symptoms that researchers compare within their studies determining stress are numerous, but the main three key indexes are suicide, divorce and alcoholism. Studies have indicated that police suicide rates are one of the highest in the nation, divorce rates are the second highest in the nation and they are likely to drink twice as much as a non-officer (Constant n. D. ). Hans Sale, the foremost researcher in stress in the world, said that police work is the most stressful occupation in America even surpassing the formidable stresses of air traffic control. (Constant) The University of Buffalo studied officers for nearly 10 years and discovered that the pressures of law enforcement place officers at risk for high blood pressure, insomnia, increased levels of destructive stress hormo nes, heart problems, post- traumatic stress disorder (PETS) and suicide (Baker, 2008). In September 2008, the how the stress of police work affects an officers physical and mental health. This study was funded by a $1. 5 million grant from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NOSH) plus an additional $750,000 from the National Institute of Justice (NJ) to the study to measure police officer fatigue and the impact of shift work on health and performance (Baker). The study is being lead by John M. Violation, Ph. D. , research associate professor at the University Department of Social and Preventive Medicine in the School of Public Health and Health Professions. The study is called the Buffalo Cardiac-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BOPS) study.They research team is looking at things like heart rate, sleep patterns, cholesterol, cortical levels, bone density and psychological factors. Their goal is to find ways to help promote health and well- being in police officers by discovering stress and ways to treat them (Baker, 2008). During my research, internal structure was a prevalent stresses. This includes things like organizational issues such as the demands of work interfering with the officers home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general.Officers feel over whelmed with what is expected of them and they are hard on themselves when they are not able to keep up with the internal demands that are placed on them. This overwhelming pressure that officers are faced with often causes burn out. Burnout is a common stresses that all people can suffer from to some extent at different points in their life. It becomes dangerous when the officer is distressed and begins to feel fatigued and frustrated constantly with no relief. Police officers often face burnout because they have much to do and not enough time to do their Job.Crime and calls for police service increase relentlessly, but resources and time to do the Job do not increase equally. Police officers must do impossible tasks and meet unrealistic deadlines in the worst of working conditions. The demands at home dont relent either. An officer must meet the needs of his family and spend time with them. Yet he works shift work, attends court, and works overtime. He has little control over these times and how they affect his family (Constant, 1992). Communication is the other major stresses that officers deal with.Many officers have opinions about ways to improve their internal structure, but many never speak f these ideas. This causes some resentment in some officers. Their home life also suffers from lack of communication. Many of their spouses are not familiar with the makings of their work, what they do, what is expected of them or what they expect from themselves. Officers deal with negativity during most of their career and sometimes they do not want to talk about all the bad things they see.They keep it bottled up and Just quit talking to their spouses. Officers need to be able to have some quality family time and always remember they are not only officers but also husbands, brothers, uncles and fathers. Area to area. In central Florida, there is an organization called Central Florida Police Stress Unit, Inc. Or US and their sole purpose is to help officers cope with the day-to- day stress. They offer training courses for other law enforcement agencies so that they can be better prepared in helping officers within their organization. The trainers are certified by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement and are members of the American Society of Law Enforcement Trainers (Central Florida Police Stress Unit Main Page 2008). US teaches supervisors the six Ors to aid their officers is dealing with stress. They are responsibility, reflection, relaxation, relationships, refueling and recreation. Responsibility refers to establishing priorities and keeping them simple. It also encourages the officers to remember they are in charge of their lives. Reflection teaches the officers to recognize stress and symptoms.It also reinforces that they should have a balance in life. Relaxation advocates for the officer to have some me time and to schedule time outs and worry time. This step emphasizes that the officer is responsible for his worries. Relationships encourage officers to maintain and engage their supportive relationships and to improve the relationship with ones self. Refueling teaches officers how to keep their body healthy by watching what they eat and drinking lots of water. They also want officers to beware of things like caffeine, nicotine, fats and fast foods.Recreation is important as it promotes family time. Nurture your family, live your life outside of work and love (Central Florida Police Stress Unit Main Page 2008). The six Ors are tools designed to help officers learn more about themselves as well as how they react to stress. It teaches officers how to reduce stress and offers options on how to cope. By encouraging a healthy lifestyle, plenty of family time and self-reflection, officers will be better equipped to notice when things are off with themselves.Sadly, many officers lose their identity and simply become an officer. Officers need to have that time when they are John Smith, husband and father of two. They need to be reminded of the good in the world and that they are human. Spending time with their family also helps keep the lines of communication open with their spouses, as this is known to be one of the main stress officers are challenged with. Supervisors can monitor their subordinates on a regular basis to help keep an eye on their performance, behavior, attitude, and general well-being.It is recommended that supervisors conduct biannual reviews for each employee. This will not guarantee that any issues will be spotted, but the odds are greatly increased if the supervisor monitors regularly and has an understanding of things to look for. Supervisors should also have a plan for when issues are spotted. There should be a procedure set up to best help officers in need. This could include various assistances such as support groups, AAA meetings, individual or family counseling and tenting to help officers express how they have been feeling.If anything is on their minds or any suggestions that they may have to help the company, they should be encouraging officers to always communicate. This is necessary for officers at work and home to avoid an emotional build up and emotional shut down. This research showed that when officers were properly trained and had the ability to combat stress that they encountered, they were able to effectively able to cope. Effectively managing stress results in officers over all health, morale and personal lives improved.Police departments need to take more responsibility for teaching its officers and set up programs to aid in combating officer stress. As part of their procedure, departments should have a privacy policy allowing officers to seek help with out everyone knowing about it. Many departments are also bringing aboard a chaplain and psychologist for officers. By management aiding in the identification and coping of police stress, they will be able to help their department run much smoother and help the officers get through what is bothering them. This also includes personal stress.